 |
PROPERTIES
Most
covalent compounds have relatively low
melting points and boiling points.
Covalent
compounds usually have lower enthalpies of fusion and vaporization than ionic
compounds.
Examples of dot and cross models
Molecule
|
Dot and cross model
|
Hydrogen (H2)
|
 |
Chlorine (Cl2)
|
 |
FORMATION OF METHANE (SINGLE)
.
FORMATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE (DOUBLE )
FORMATION OF OXYGEN
FORMATION OF NITROGEN MOLECULE (TRIPLE )
COORDINATE COVALENT BOND OR DATIVE BOND
The formation of the hydronium ion when the
water reacts with proton is also an example of
the co-ordinate bonding
water reacts with proton is also an example of
the co-ordinate bonding
H2O + H+ → H3O+
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
 |
| Sir Ronald sydney Nyholm |
.
The five important electron-pair geometries are
Linear
Trigonal Planar
Tetrahedral
Trigonal Bipyramidal
Octahedral
SHAPES OF MOLECULES
GIANT COVALENT SUBSTANCES
1.Mention the shape of SF6 and draw the shape.
2.Define van der Waals' forces of attraction.
Diamond
FULLERENES
Nanotubes
USES OF GRAPHITE
POLAR MOLECULES
SIMPLE MOLECULAR STRUCTURES
 |
| iodine crystals sublimes |
 |
| iodine |
 |
| sulfur crystals |
POLAR MOLECULES
POLAR COVALENT BONDS
ELECTRO NEGATIVITY
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NON -POLAR MOLECULES
.
HYDROGEN BONDING
.
HYDROGEN BONDING IN WATER
HYDROGEN BONDING IN HF
HYDROGEN BONDING IN CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
HYDROGEN BONDING IN DNA
covalent bonding
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Theoretical_Chemistry/Chemical_Bonding/General_Principles_of_Chemical_Bonding/Covalent_Bonds
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